CURRENT AFFAIRS (20 DECEMBER 2024) 

National Tansen Samman

Pt. Swapan Choudhary, an esteemed tabla virtuoso, has been awarded the National Tansen Samman for the year 2023.  

• About the Tansen Samman:  

– This award was established to honor Tansen, one of the nine luminaries in the court of Emperor Akbar.  

– It acknowledges exceptional contributions to the realm of Indian classical music.  

• Significance:  

– The award serves to promote and preserve India’s rich musical heritage.  

– It underscores the vital role of classical music in fostering cultural diplomacy. 

• UPSC Relevance: Cultural heritage, art forms, and Indian history. 

2. Hydrothermal Vents

• Context:  

• Renewed interest in hydrothermal vents for their role in Earth’s ecosystems and mineral resources. 

• What are Hydrothermal Vents?:  

• Fissures on the ocean floor emitting geothermally heated water. 

• Found near volcanic regions and mid-ocean ridges. 

• Scientific Importance:  

• Crucial for studying the origins of life and biogeochemical cycles. 

• Host unique ecosystems that thrive without sunlight. 

• Economic Significance:  

• Potential sources of minerals like copper, zinc, and rare earth elements. 

• UPSC Relevance: Geography, environment, and biodiversity. 

GS Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations 

1. India-China Special Representatives Dialogue

• The 23rd dialogue of Special Representatives (SR) was convened in Beijing, marking a significant step in the ongoing efforts to address and manage the complex relationship between India and China. This dialogue was led by India’s National Security Advisor, Ajit Doval, and China’s Foreign Minister, underscoring the high-level engagement between the two nations. 

Background on the SR Mechanism: 

• The Special Representatives Mechanism was established in 2003 as a strategic initiative aimed at addressing boundary-related issues that have historically been a source of tension between India and China. The primary objective of this mechanism is to resolve disputes and maintain peace along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), which serves as the de facto border between the two countries. By facilitating dialogue and negotiation, the SR mechanism seeks to create a framework for understanding and cooperation, thereby reducing the likelihood of conflict. 

 Current Agenda: 

• The agenda for the 23rd dialogue is particularly focused on two critical areas: 

• 1. Implementation of Confidence-Building Measures: In light of the recent clashes in the Galwan Valley, which highlighted the fragility of peace along the LAC, the dialogue aims to discuss and implement measures that can build trust between the two nations. These measures are essential for preventing future confrontations and ensuring that both sides adhere to protocols that promote stability. 

• 2. Collaborative Efforts in Border Management: The dialogue also emphasizes the need for enhanced border management strategies. This includes discussions on joint initiatives that can improve communication and coordination between the two militaries, thereby reducing misunderstandings and miscalculations that could escalate into larger conflicts. 

 Significance of the Dialogue: 

The significance of the 23rd SR dialogue extends beyond mere discussions; it plays a crucial role in the broader context of geopolitical tensions in the region. By fostering diplomatic interactions, the dialogue serves to: 

– Bolster Diplomatic Interactions: In an era marked by rising tensions and competition, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, the dialogue represents a commitment to maintaining open lines of communication. This is vital for managing not only bilateral relations but also for addressing regional security concerns. 

– Promote Peaceful Resolution of Border Conflicts: The emphasis on dialogue and negotiation reflects a mutual recognition of the importance of peaceful conflict resolution. By prioritizing diplomacy over military confrontation, both India and China can work towards a more stable and secure border environment, which is beneficial for both nations and the region as a whole. 

• In conclusion, the 23rd dialogue of Special Representatives in Beijing is a pivotal moment in the 

• UPSC Relevance: International relations and bilateral ties. 

2. Standing Committee on Railways

• Context:  

• The Standing Committee has released recommendations for enhancing the operations of Indian Railways. 

• Key Recommendations:  

• Adoption of cutting-edge technologies for safety and efficiency. 

• Introduction of faster trains and better connectivity to remote regions. 

• Modernization of infrastructure to reduce accidents. 

• Significance:  

• Critical for improving the public transportation system. 

• Boosts economic growth by enhancing freight transport. 

• UPSC Relevance: Governance, infrastructure, and policy reforms. 

GS Paper 3: Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management 

1. State Fiscal Prudence

• Reports indicate that numerous Indian states are experiencing fiscal stress.  

Concerns include:  

– Increasing debt-to-GDP ratios in states such as Punjab and Rajasthan.  

– Excessive reliance on central grants.  

Recommendations suggest:  

• – A stringent compliance with the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) guidelines.  

• – A review and adjustment of subsidies to reduce unwarranted spending.  

Significance:- 

• The significance of these measures lies in their potential to promote macroeconomic stability and foster sustainable growth. 

• UPSC Relevance: Economy and fiscal policy. 

2. 2. Policy for Managing Sacred Groves

• Context:  

• Need for a comprehensive framework to protect sacred groves. 

• What are Sacred Groves?:  

• Forest patches preserved for religious or cultural reasons. 

• Home to rare flora and fauna. 

• Threats:  

• Encroachment, deforestation, and urbanization. 

• Proposed Measures:  

• Legal recognition and community-based conservation programs. 

• Integration into state biodiversity strategies. 

• Significance:  

• Vital for biodiversity conservation and climate resilience. 

• UPSC Relevance: Environment and ecology. 

Facts for Prelims (FFP) 

1. India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

• The G20 initiative to establish connections between India, the Middle East, and Europe represents a significant step towards enhancing global trade and fostering economic collaboration among these regions. This ambitious project encompasses several key features that aim to transform the landscape of connectivity and trade. 

Key Features: 

1. Development of Rail and Road Infrastructure: 

•    – The initiative prioritizes the construction and enhancement of rail and road networks that will facilitate smoother and more efficient transportation of goods and services. By improving these critical infrastructures, the project aims to reduce transit times and costs, making trade more accessible and competitive. This development will not only benefit the economies of India, the Middle East, and Europe but also create job opportunities and stimulate local economies along the routes. 

2. Incorporation of High-Speed Data Cables: 

•    – In today’s digital age, the importance of robust communication networks cannot be overstated. The initiative includes the installation of high-speed data cables that will enhance digital connectivity between the regions. This will enable faster and more reliable communication, support e-commerce, and facilitate the exchange of information and technology, ultimately driving innovation and economic growth. 

3. Hydrogen Pipelines:

•    – As the world shifts towards sustainable energy sources, the inclusion of hydrogen pipelines in this initiative is particularly noteworthy. These pipelines will enable the transportation of hydrogen, a clean energy alternative, thereby promoting energy security and sustainability. This aspect of the project aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition to greener energy solutions. 

 Significance: 

1. Fosters Regional Economic Integration:

•    – By establishing stronger connections between India, the Middle East, and Europe, the initiative promotes regional economic integration. This integration can lead to increased trade volumes, shared resources, and collaborative economic policies, ultimately enhancing the economic resilience of the participating regions. It also opens up new markets for businesses and encourages foreign investment. 

2. Diminishes Reliance on Conventional Trade Routes: 

•    – The development of alternative trade routes through this initiative reduces dependence on traditional shipping lanes, which can be vulnerable to geopolitical tensions and disruptions. By diversifying trade routes, the initiative enhances the stability and reliability of supply chains, making them less susceptible to external shocks. This strategic shift is crucial for ensuring the smooth flow of goods and services in an increasingly interconnected global economy. 

• In conclusion, the G20 initiative to connect India, the Middle East, and Europe through enhanced infrastructure and sustainable energy solutions is a forward-thinking approach that promises to reshape trade dynamics and foster economic growth in the region 

• UPSC Relevance: International economic initiatives. 

2. Yuga Yugeen Bharat National Museum

• Context:  

• Inauguration of a new national museum showcasing India’s cultural legacy. 

• Highlights:  

• Displays rare artifacts and digital exhibits. 

• Chronicles India’s journey from ancient to modern times. 

• Significance:  

• Enhances cultural tourism and public awareness. 

• UPSC Relevance: Art, culture, and heritage. 

3. IRIS² Satellite Programme

Context: 

The Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security by Satellite (IRIS²) programme has been initiated as a strategic response to the growing need for robust satellite communication systems. This initiative aims to address the increasing challenges posed by both natural disasters and cyber threats, ensuring that nations can maintain effective communication and operational capabilities in times of crisis. 

Objective: 

The primary objective of the IRIS² programme is to enhance satellite communication capabilities specifically tailored for disaster response and national defense. By developing advanced satellite technologies and infrastructure, the programme seeks to provide reliable and secure communication channels that can withstand disruptions caused by natural calamities, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods, as well as cyberattacks that threaten national security. 

Significance: 

The significance of the IRIS² programme lies in its multifaceted approach to resilience. By bolstering satellite communication capabilities, the programme aims to: 

1. Enhance Disaster Response: In the aftermath of natural disasters, timely and effective communication is crucial for coordinating rescue operations, delivering aid, and ensuring the safety of affected populations. The IRIS² programme will facilitate rapid information sharing among emergency responders, government agencies, and humanitarian organizations, thereby improving the overall efficiency of disaster response efforts. 

1. Strengthen National Defense:In an era where geopolitical tensions and cyber threats are on the rise, the IRIS² programme will provide nations with the necessary tools to secure their communication networks. By ensuring that military and defense operations can continue uninterrupted, even in the face of cyberattacks or other disruptive events, the programme will enhance national security and strategic readiness. 

1. Bolster Resilience Against Cyber Threats: As reliance on digital communication increases, so does the vulnerability to cyber threats. The IRIS² programme will incorporate advanced security measures to protect satellite communication systems from potential attacks, ensuring that critical information remains secure and accessible during crises. 

1. Promote Interconnectivity: The programme aims to foster interconnectivity among various stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector entities, and international partners. By creating a unified communication framework, IRIS² will facilitate collaboration and information sharing, ultimately leading to more effective disaster management and defense strategies. 

1. Support Sustainable Development:By enhancing communication capabilities in remote and underserved areas, the IRIS² programme will contribute to sustainable development goals. Improved access to information and communication technologies can empower communities, enhance economic opportunities, and promote resilience against future challenges. 

• UPSC Relevance: Science and technology. 

4. H5N1 Avian Flu

 Context 

Recent global outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza have raised significant public health concerns. The virus, which primarily affects birds, has been reported in various regions around the world, leading to increased vigilance among health authorities and researchers. 

About H5N1 

H5N1 is a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza, known for its ability to cause severe disease and high mortality rates in infected birds. While human transmission of H5N1 is infrequent, when it does occur, it can lead to serious health complications and has a high mortality rate among those infected. This characteristic makes H5N1 a virus of particular concern for public health officials, as it has the potential to mutate and become more easily transmissible among humans. 

Control Measures 

To combat the threat posed by H5N1, several control measures are essential: 

1. Vaccination of Poultry: Vaccinating domestic birds is a critical strategy to prevent the spread of the virus within poultry populations. Effective vaccination programs can significantly reduce the incidence of H5N1 infections in birds, thereby lowering the risk of transmission to humans.
2. Stringent Biosecurity Measures: Implementing strict biosecurity protocols on farms and in markets is crucial. This includes controlling access to poultry facilities, ensuring proper sanitation, and monitoring the health of birds regularly to detect any signs of infection early.
3. Continuous Monitoring: Ongoing surveillance of both wild and domestic bird populations is vital for early detection of H5N1 outbreaks. This includes tracking migratory bird patterns, which can influence the spread of the virus.
4. Prompt Response to Outbreaks: Rapid response to any detected outbreaks is essential to contain the virus. This may involve culling infected birds, quarantining affected areas, and providing support to farmers and communities impacted by the outbreak.

Significance 

The efforts to control H5N1 avian influenza are not only important for protecting poultry and agricultural interests but are also vital in averting potential pandemics. Given the virus’s high mortality rate and the possibility of mutation, proactive measures are necessary to safeguard public health. By implementing effective vaccination, biosecurity, monitoring, and response strategies, health authorities can mitigate the risks associated with H5N1 and prevent it from becoming a more significant threat to human populations. 

• UPSC Relevance: Public health and disaster management.