CURRENT AFFAIRS ( 23 DECEMBER 2024) 

1. Indian Society and Culture 

• Status of Tribal Welfare in India: 

• Focus on ongoing tribal welfare schemes under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. 

• Success stories, such as Van Dhan Yojana, empowering tribal self-help groups. 

• Challenges: Land alienation, displacement due to development projects, and lack of education and healthcare access. 

• Festivals and Their Role in Unity: 

• Recent celebration of Kumbh Mela and its cultural significance. 

• Importance of regional festivals (Hornbill Festival in Nagaland) in preserving tribal heritage. 

2. Indian History 

• Centenary of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: 

• Reflection on colonial atrocities. 

• Legislative changes to recognize national freedom fighters under various welfare schemes. 

• Development of Modern India: 

• Highlighting socio-political reforms during the late 19th century (impact of leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy on women’s rights). 

3. Geography 

• Monsoon 2024 Trends: 

• Late withdrawal leading to extensive waterlogging in major cities. 

• Role of climate change in altering rainfall patterns. 

• India’s Forest and Tree Cover: 

• Analysis of the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, highlighting states with the highest increase. 

• Importance of mangroves in the coastal economy (Sundarbans mangrove restoration projects). 

GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, and International Relations 

1. Governance 

Governance encompasses the frameworks, processes, and practices through which public institutions conduct public affairs, manage public resources, and guarantee the realization of human rights. It plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability, transparency, and responsiveness in the administration of public services. The following points highlight key aspects of governance, particularly in the context of electoral processes and digital public infrastructure. 

Amendment to the Election Rules of 1961 

The recent amendments to the Election Rules of 1961 have sparked significant debate and concern regarding the implications for electoral transparency and voter privacy. 

*Decreased Availability of Public Documents Related to Elections:  

  One of the most contentious changes is the reduction in the availability of public documents, including critical materials such as CCTV recordings from polling stations. This shift raises questions about the integrity of the electoral process. The ability to access such documents is vital for ensuring that elections are conducted fairly and transparently. Critics argue that limiting access to these records could hinder the ability of civil society, political parties, and the media to monitor elections effectively, potentially leading to increased electoral malpractices and diminished public trust in the electoral system. 

*Ethical Discussions Surrounding Voter Privacy and Transparency:  

  The amendments have ignited ethical discussions about the balance between protecting voter privacy and ensuring the transparency of elections. On one hand, there is a legitimate concern for safeguarding the anonymity of voters to prevent coercion and ensure free choice. On the other hand, transparency is essential for building public confidence in the electoral process. This tension necessitates a nuanced approach that considers the implications of both privacy and transparency, fostering a dialogue among stakeholders, including policymakers, electoral bodies, and civil society organizations, to arrive at a balanced solution that upholds democratic principles. 

 Digital Public Infrastructure 

The advent of digital public infrastructure has transformed the landscape of governance, particularly in enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of public services. 

• Significance of Aadhaar-Integrated E-Governance Services:   The integration of Aadhaar, a unique identification system in India, into e-governance services has revolutionized the delivery of public services. By linking various government services to Aadhaar, the government aims to streamline processes, reduce duplication, and enhance the accuracy of beneficiary identification. This integration facilitates a more efficient allocation of resources and ensures that services reach the intended recipients. However, it also raises concerns about data privacy and security, necessitating robust safeguards to protect citizens’ information. 

1. Polity 

Anti-Defection Legislation: 

The Anti-Defection Law, enacted to prevent political defections and ensure stability within the legislative framework, has been a focal point of discussion in recent political discourse, particularly in the northeastern regions of the country.  

• Recent Instances of Political Turmoil in the Northeastern Regions: 

The northeastern states have witnessed significant political upheaval, characterized by frequent party-switching and instability within state assemblies. These developments have raised concerns about the integrity of elected representatives and the potential for political opportunism. Instances of legislators switching allegiance to rival parties, often in pursuit of power or financial incentives, have undermined the democratic process and led to calls for stricter enforcement of the Anti-Defection Law. The political landscape in these regions has become increasingly volatile, prompting discussions on the need for a more robust framework to deter such actions and maintain the sanctity of electoral mandates. 

• Proposed Reforms Aimed at Enhancing the Enforcement of the Law: 

In response to the ongoing challenges posed by political defections, various stakeholders, including lawmakers and civil society organizations, have proposed reforms to strengthen the Anti-Defection Law. These reforms may include clearer definitions of what constitutes defection, stricter penalties for violators, and enhanced mechanisms for monitoring and reporting defections. Additionally, there is a push for greater transparency in the political process, including the disclosure of financial transactions and incentives that may influence party-switching. By reinforcing the legal framework, the aim is to create a more stable political environment that respects the will of the electorate and discourages opportunistic behavior among politicians. 

 Data Protection Bill 2024: 

The Data Protection Bill 2024 represents a significant step towards safeguarding individual privacy rights in an increasingly digital world. As technology firms continue to collect and process vast amounts of personal data, the need for comprehensive regulations has become paramount. 

• More Stringent Regulations Concerning Individual Privacy Rights and the Obligations of Technology Firms: 

The proposed legislation introduces more stringent regulations that aim to enhance individual privacy rights, ensuring that citizens have greater control over their personal information. Key provisions may include the right to access personal data, the right to be forgotten, and the requirement for explicit consent before data collection. Furthermore, technology firms will be mandated to implement robust data protection measures, conduct regular audits, and report data breaches promptly. These regulations are designed to hold companies accountable for their data handling practices and to foster a culture of transparency and trust between consumers and service providers. 

1. International Relations 

 India-Bangladesh Relations 

The relationship between India and Bangladesh has historically been complex, shaped by a mix of cultural ties, economic cooperation, and political challenges. Recently, protests occurring in Agartala, the capital of Tripura, have begun to affect diplomatic relations between the two nations. These protests, often fueled by local grievances related to issues such as migration, citizenship, and minority rights, have the potential to strain the historically friendly ties that India shares with its neighbor. The sentiments expressed during these protests can resonate beyond regional borders, influencing public opinion and political discourse in both countries. 

Moreover, there is a pressing need for discussions regarding minority rights in South Asia, particularly in the context of the treatment of religious and ethnic minorities in both India and Bangladesh. The plight of minorities, including Hindus in Bangladesh and Muslims in India, has become a focal point for activists and policymakers alike. Addressing these issues through dialogue and cooperation could not only help to alleviate tensions but also strengthen bilateral relations. Collaborative efforts to ensure the protection of minority rights could serve as a foundation for a more stable and harmonious relationship, fostering mutual respect and understanding between the two nations. 

 Middle East Conflict and India 

India’s stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict is characterized by a policy of neutrality, which has significant implications for its energy diplomacy and broader geopolitical strategy. By maintaining a balanced approach, India aims to preserve its relationships with both Israel and the Palestinian territories, which is crucial given its growing energy needs and economic interests in the region.  

India has increasingly relied on energy imports from the Middle East, making it imperative to navigate the complex political landscape carefully. The neutrality allows India to engage with Israel, a key player in technology and defense, while also supporting Palestinian aspirations for statehood and development. This dual approach not only helps India secure energy resources but also positions it as a potential mediator in the conflict, enhancing its diplomatic clout in the region. 

Furthermore, India’s engagement in the Middle East is not limited to energy; it also encompasses trade, investment, and cultural ties. By fostering relationships across the spectrum, India can leverage its neutral stance to promote stability and peace in the region, which is essential for its long-term strategic interests. As the geopolitical dynamics continue to evolve, India’s ability to balance its relationships in the Middle East will be crucial for its aspirations as a global power. 

GS Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Environment, and Security 

1. Science & Technology 

1. A. National Quantum Mission

Summary of Efforts: 

• The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is an ambitious initiative aimed at positioning the nation as a leader in quantum technologies, which encompass quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing. The mission seeks to foster research and development in these areas through collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and industry stakeholders. Key components of the NQM include the establishment of quantum research centers, funding for innovative projects, and the promotion of international partnerships to share knowledge and resources. The mission also emphasizes the development of a skilled workforce in quantum technologies through specialized training programs and educational initiatives. 

Anticipated Effects: 

• The implications of the National Quantum Mission are profound and multifaceted: 

• – National Security:Quantum technologies have the potential to revolutionize secure communication through quantum key distribution (QKD), which offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. This advancement could significantly enhance the security of sensitive government and military communications, protecting against cyber threats and espionage. 

• – Healthcare Systems: Quantum computing can accelerate drug discovery and personalized medicine by simulating molecular interactions at unprecedented speeds. This capability could lead to breakthroughs in treatment options and improve patient outcomes, ultimately transforming healthcare delivery and reducing costs. 

• – Educational Frameworks: The NQM is expected to reshape educational curricula by integrating quantum science and technology into STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs. This will not only prepare students for careers in emerging fields but also foster a culture of innovation and critical thinking, essential for future technological advancements. 

1. B. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM-2)

Scheduled Launch: 

• India’s Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM-2) is set to launch in the near future, building on the success of its predecessor, MOM-1, which made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit. The mission aims to further explore the Martian atmosphere, surface, and potential for life, while also enhancing India’s capabilities in space exploration. The exact launch date is yet to be confirmed, but preparations are underway to ensure a successful mission. 

Enhancements Compared to Prior Mission: 

• MOM-2 is designed to incorporate several enhancements over the original Mars Orbiter Mission: 

• – Upgraded Payloads: The new mission will feature advanced scientific instruments that will provide more detailed data about Mars. These upgraded payloads may include high-resolution cameras, spectrometers, and atmospheric sensors, allowing for comprehensive analysis of Martian geology, climate, and potential water sources. 

• 2. Economic Development 

1. A. G20 Summit Insights:- 

The G20 Summit serves as a pivotal platform for global leaders to discuss pressing economic issues and collaborative solutions. India’s participation in the summit has been marked by significant contributions, particularly in advocating for sustainable economic frameworks.  

• India’s Contribution Towards Advocating for Sustainable Economic Frameworks:   

  India has emerged as a strong proponent of sustainable development, emphasizing the need for economic growth that is environmentally responsible and socially inclusive. During the G20 Summit, India highlighted the importance of integrating sustainability into economic policies, advocating for frameworks that prioritize renewable energy, resource efficiency, and social equity. This includes promoting green technologies and sustainable practices across various sectors, which not only address climate change but also foster long-term economic resilience. India’s leadership in this area is crucial, as it aligns with global goals such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 

• Emphasis on Global Digital Transformation and Financing for Climate Initiatives:   

  Another key focus of India’s agenda at the G20 Summit was the acceleration of global digital transformation. India underscored the role of digital technologies in driving economic growth, enhancing productivity, and improving access to services. The country advocated for international cooperation in digital infrastructure development, cybersecurity, and digital literacy, recognizing that a robust digital economy is essential for sustainable development. Additionally, India called for increased financing for climate initiatives, stressing the need for innovative funding mechanisms to support developing countries in their transition to low-carbon economies. This includes mobilizing private sector investments and leveraging multilateral development banks to finance climate-resilient projects. 

1. Performance-Linked Incentive (PLI) Program

The Performance-Linked Incentive (PLI) Program has been a transformative initiative aimed at boosting India’s manufacturing sector, particularly in strategic industries such as semiconductors. 

• Influence on Enhancing India’s Manufacturing Landscape, Especially Within the Semiconductor Industry:   

  The PLI Program is designed to incentivize domestic manufacturing by providing financial rewards to companies that meet specific production and investment targets. This initiative has been particularly impactful in the semiconductor industry, which is critical for technological advancement and economic growth. By offering substantial incentives, the Indian government aims to attract global semiconductor manufacturers to set up production facilities in the country, thereby reducing dependency on imports and enhancing self-sufficiency.  

  The program has catalyzed investments in research and development, infrastructure, and skilled workforce training, positioning India as a competitive player in the global semiconductor supply chain. As a result, the PLI Program not only 

3. Environment 

• Forest and Carbon Sequestration: 

• India’s contribution to global carbon offset under the Paris Agreement. 

• Case study: Arunachal Pradesh’s efforts in preserving biodiversity hotspots. 

• Climate Change Adaptation: 

• Initiatives under the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC). 

• Examples of water conservation measures in drought-prone Bundelkhand. 

4. Security 

• Cybersecurity Challenges: 

• Rise in ransomware attacks in India’s financial sector. 

• Policy measures, such as CERT-In’s advisory for improved digital infrastructure. 

• Internal Security: 

• Naxal insurgency declining due to development programs like Aspirational Districts Programme. 

• Persistent challenges in Left-Wing Extremism (LWE)-affected areas. 

GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude 

1. Ethics in Governance 

• Transparency in Electoral Processes: 

• Debate on the recent amendment to the Conduct of Election Rules. 

• Balancing the ethical imperatives of voter privacy with public trust in elections. 

• Public Service Values: 

• Role of empathy and compassion during disaster management (e.g., Kerala floods). 

2. Corporate Governance 

• CSR Initiatives:  

• Analysis of corporate social responsibility compliance among major firms. 

• Case study: Reliance Foundation’s healthcare initiatives. 

3. Environmental Ethics 

• Mining and Tribal Rights:  

• Ethical considerations in resource extraction projects in Chhattisgarh. 

• Balancing economic development with environmental sustainability. 

4. Ethics in Science 

• Drug Approval Ethics:  

• HCQ debate highlighting the need for evidence-based medicine. 

• Frameworks to ensure accountability in pharmaceutical research. 

Prelims Facts and Important Schemes 

Prelims Facts 

-1.Environment: 

  – Mangrove Coverage: India’s mangrove cover is now 4,992 sq km as per ISFR 2023, contributing significantly to carbon sequestration. 

  – Forest Cover: States with the highest increase in forest cover: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. 

– 2.Polity: 

  – Amendment to Election Rules, 1961: Public access to electronic election-related data, like CCTV footage, has been restricted to protect voter privacy. 

  – Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2024: Focuses on safeguarding citizen privacy while balancing business needs. 

– 3.Science & Technology: 

  – National Quantum Mission: India aims to establish quantum computers with 50 qubits by 2030. 

  – Hydrogen Valley Project: India is working towards green hydrogen production under its Net Zero 2070 commitment. 

– 4.Economy: 

  – PLI Scheme: Performance Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme has expanded to textiles, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. 

  – India’s GDP Growth Rate: Estimated at 6.5% for FY 2024-25, as per the RBI. 

– 5.International Relations: 

  – India-Bangladesh Relations: Agartala protests over minority rights in Bangladesh draw international attention. 

  – India’s G20 Leadership: Advocacy for global climate finance and digital public infrastructure. 

2. Important Government Schemes

1. 1. PM Vishwakarma Yojana:

   – Focus: Uplifting traditional artisans and craftsmen. 

   – Features: Financial support, skill training, and credit availability at concessional rates. 

2. PM Awas Yojana (Urban & Rural):

   – Achieved milestone of sanctioning 1.2 crore houses by December 2024. 

   – Contributes to improving rural and urban housing infrastructure. 

3. PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi:

   – Rs. 6,000 annual direct benefit transfer to eligible farmers. 

   – Total disbursement crosses ₹2.7 lakh crores in December 2024. 

4. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):

   – Focuses on climate-resilient farming practices and efficient water management systems. 

5. PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan:

   – Integrates infrastructure planning across ministries. 

   – Improved logistics network for economic growth. 

6. Jal Jeevan Mission:

   – Achieved 12 crore functional household tap water connections. 

   – Aim: 100% rural tap water coverage by 2025. 

7. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM):

   – Features digital health IDs and electronic health records. 

   – Facilitates interoperability of healthcare services. 

8. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan:

   – Free diagnosis and treatment for TB patients. 

   – Community support for TB elimination by 2025. 

9. National Education Policy (NEP) Implementation:

   – Emphasis on vocational education at the school level. 

   – Integration of AI and coding in the curriculum. 

10. PM SHRI Schools:

    – Development of over 14,500 PM SHRI schools as model schools for holistic education. 

11. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP):

    – Subsidies for electric vehicles under FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) Phase II. 

    – Boosting EV infrastructure development. 

12. Green India Mission:

    – Afforestation programs for improving forest-based livelihoods and ecosystem restoration